INDONESIA PRESS REVOLUTION ON THE PHYSICAL

INDONESIA PRESS REVOLUTION ON THE PHYSICAL

by: HERMAN LILO

Life of the Indonesian press Physical Revolution Era (1945 - 1950) grew up with the spirit of liberty or patriotism. Indonesia had just proclaimed its independence and tried to get up to organize the life of their own nationality over sovereignty has not been able to develop systems that satisfy the press the whole society. In addition, sovereignty and unity of the nation still must continue to be tested because of the persistence of threats from abroad as from the Netherlands who rely NICA troops. Similarly, from within the country has not fully stabilized because of security threats everywhere.

In the era of physical revolution, Indonesia experienced a dualist system of government, namely a democratic system of government based on the 1945 Dutch colonial and authoritarian rule NICA who returned to Indonesia bum Allies. Before the entry of Allied troops and NICA, at the beginning of independence, the Indonesian press experiencing euphoria of freedom after being released from the pressure of Dutch colonialism and Japanese. The primary mission is to disseminate the press at the time of the proclamation of independence and prepare the community in fighting the Japanese who remained in Indonesia.
Compared to the liberty during the colonial pressure, the freedom of the press when it underwent a significant change from authoritarian to liberal press conference. Press with free calls for the movement of people held in camps in Japan seized weapons and proclaim widely the results of the popular movement. This condition according to Lopez Muchtar is the beginning of the struggle of the press in the open.

The press at the beginning of independence as a partner for governments in the search for truth, defend the independence and move the people against the invaders. Structurally, the Indonesian press is growing well, every citizen may publish newspapers without limitation, licensing and the like from the ruler. As quoted by Smith in Sullivian (1967), "in 1948 Indonesia issued 45 newspapers with a circulation of 227 thousand a day. Place with no newspapers, an Indonesian newspaper published stensilan "[1].
Furthermore, growth in newspapers mengenagi physically, in the Outline of the Development of the Indonesian Press published the SPS is widely argued that in some regions in the era of physical revolution was published several Indonesian newspapers. In Java, for example, published several newspapers, such as Indonesian News newspaper which is a pioneer in the era of independence, Mimbar Oemum, Sinar Deli, Fight, Fight Islam, and  “Soeloeh Merdeka” in Medan . In Central Sumatra (West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi), published Fighting, Oetoesan Soematera, guide us, to Second, the People's Sovereignty and "Tjahaya Padang". In Palembang published newspaper News News and "Soeara Oemoem". While in Jakarta, published newspaper Merdeka, People, and Soeara Oemoem. In Bandung, among others, Pewarta Oemoem, in Jogyakarta published several newspapers such as the People's Sovereignty, Independence Soeara, “Obor Rakjat” and the New Light of Semarang. For the consumption of British soldiers / India and among the English-speaking and Dutch, published a weekly "Free Indonesia" under the leadership of Abdul Madjid, and publishing periodic "de Vrijjheid" and distributed free of charge in Medan.“

This period also marked the birth of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI) on 9 February 1946. In the early days of the PWI kejuangan position ourselves as an organization with other organizations. "During this period, the young Republic of Indonesia intervened - even subordinating - PWI journalists' organization, but for a noble purpose, freedom itself. [2] PWI such conditions, can not be separated from the historical fact that the Republic of Indonesia which is still a very young age requires support from all segments of society, and this does not mean that curb freedom of journalists.

After the Dutch came back with the NICA who ride the Allies, the life of the Indonesian press back under pressure. Allies imposed authoritarian rule and NICA is threatening the life of the press at the time, because the truth is considered not as a result of the people, but from a small group of people who are in power, the Allies and NICA. In a stressful condition by the Allies and NICA, the Indonesian press release proclaimed itself as a focused struggle in the spirit of the struggle waged against invaders.

Pressures against the Indonesian press in various occupied territories. In Jakarta on 19 April 1946 NICA police conduct raids against APB news agency (Arabian Press Board which later turned into Asian Press Board. The leader of APB, APB Dza Shahab arrested and banned from broadcasting any news, especially about military movements. In addition, journalists' republicans' who work in the occupied territories, the intimidation and searched under the pretext of collaboration. In Surabaya, the reporter who did not want to cooperate with the Netherlands, withdrew to the interior and there they continue their fight to defend the republic.

In Medan, the pressure against the press made Allies with membreidel "Pewarta Deli", imprison Lopez AO (reporter) and Grace head printing "Sarekat Tapanoeli". Editors' Pulpit Oemum "A. Wahab, was arrested and his radio equipment dibeslag by the British. Similarly, In with printing "Soeloeh Independence" that seized the British on July 4, 1946. In Central Sumatra, printing "Oetoesan Soematra" destroyed the Allies, and publishing activities ceased in late 1946. When aggression to - I, "Tjahaya Padang" stopped publication because of the leadership and employees in conjunction with Dutch prisoners were shot dead the mayor of Padang Bagindo Tjahaya Azis Chan as the founder of Padang. While in Palembang, the newspaper "People's Torch" to target shooting Netherlands.

The condition of the press in this era, can not be said to be located in the authoritarian of the press, because despite being in a state of the various forms of pressure by the Dutch government, the press has placed itself as the press struggles. "At that time the Indonesian press with absolutely no pretensions as a hero, and kewajiannya duty with all sincerity and full of spirit and dedication in keeping the independence which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945, [3].

The struggle to maintain this independence which, according to the press at the time it was a truth that must be maintained. When referring to Siebert [4] and his friends the freedom of the press when it can be categorized as The Libertarian Theory. Because according to this theory, that humans do not need to depend on the power (the power of the Netherlands) and do not need to be guided and directed in the search for truth, because truth is a human right.